RicketsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:
navigation,
search Rickets is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of
vitamin D,
magnesium [1],
phosphorus or
calcium,
[2] potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. The predominant cause is a
vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate
calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets (cases of severe diarrhea and vomiting may be the cause of the deficiency). Although it can occur in adults, the majority of cases occur in children suffering from severe
malnutrition, usually resulting from
famine or
starvation during the early stages of childhood.
Osteomalacia is the term used to describe a similar condition occurring in adults, generally due to a deficiency of
vitamin D.
[3] The origin of the word "rickets" is probably from the Old English dialect word 'wrickken', to twist. The Greek derived word "rachitis" (ραχίτις, meaning "inflammation of the spine") was later adopted as the scientific term for rickets, due chiefly to the words' similarity in sound.
[edit] Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms of rickets include:
- Bone pain or tenderness
- dental problems
- muscle weakness (rickety myopathy or "floppy baby syndrome" or "slinky baby" (where the baby is floppy or slinky-like)
- increased tendency for fractures (easily broken bones), especially greenstick fractures
- Skeletal deformity
- Toddlers: Bowed legs (genu varum)
- Older children: Knock-knees (genu valgum) or "windswept knees"
- Cranial, spinal, and pelvic deformities
</LI>
Growth disturbance
Wrist X ray Showing Changes in Rickets, mainly cupping is seen here.
Chest X ray showing changes consistent with rickets, this changed is usually referred to as Rosary beads of rickets
An
X-ray or
radiograph of an advanced sufferer from rickets tends to present in a classic way: bow legs (outward curve of long bone of the legs) and a deformed chest. Changes in the skull also occur causing a distinctive "square headed" appearance. These deformities persist into adult life if not treated. Long-term consequences include permanent bends or disfiguration of the long bones, and a
curved back.
[edit] Types
- Nutritional Rickets
- Vitamin D Resistant Rickets
- Vitamin D Dependent Rickets
- Type I
- Type II
</LI>
Congenital Rickets
[edit] CauseThe primary cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency.
[4] Vitamin D is required for proper calcium absorption from the gut. Sunlight, especially ultraviolet light, lets human skin cells convert Vitamin D from an inactive to active state. In the absence of vitamin D, dietary calcium is not properly absorbed, resulting in
hypocalcaemia, leading to skeletal and dental deformities and
neuromuscular symptoms, e.g. hyperexcitability. Foods that contain vitamin D include butter, eggs, fish liver oils, margarine, fortified milk and juice, and
oily fishes such as tuna, herring, and salmon. A rare
X-linked dominant form exists called
Vitamin D resistant rickets.
Cases have been reported in Britain in recent years
[5] of rickets in children of many social backgrounds caused by inability to make vitamin D because the sun's ultraviolet light was not reaching the skin because of persistent use of strong
sunblock, or too much "covering up" in sunlight, or spending too much time indoors. Other cases have been reported among the children of some ethnic groups in which mothers avoid exposure to the sun for religious or cultural reasons, leading to a maternal shortage of vitamin D.
[6][7] The
British Medical Journal reported in 2010 that doctors in
Newcastle on Tyne saw 20 cases of rickets per year.
[edit] DiagnosisRickets may be diagnosed with the help of:
</LI>
Arterial blood gases may reveal metabolic acidosis
X-rays of affected bones may show loss of calcium from bones or changes in the shape or structure of the bones.
Bone biopsy is rarely performed but will confirm rickets.
[edit] Treatment and preventionThe treatment and prevention of rickets is known as
antirachitic.
[edit] Diet and sunlight Cholecalciferol (D
3)
Ergocalciferol (D
2)
Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (sunshine when the sun is highest in the sky),
cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and
viosterol are all sources of vitamin D.
A sufficient amount of ultraviolet B light in sunlight each day and adequate supplies of calcium and phosphorus in the diet can prevent rickets. Darker-skinned babies need to be exposed longer to the
ultraviolet rays. The replacement of vitamin D has been proven to correct rickets using these methods of ultraviolet light therapy and medicine.
[8]Recommendations are for 400
international units (IU) of vitamin D a day for infants and children. Children who do not get adequate amounts of vitamin D are at increased risk of rickets. Vitamin D is essential for allowing the body to uptake calcium for use in proper bone calcification and maintenance.
[edit] SupplementationSufficient vitamin D levels can also be achieved through dietary supplementation and/or exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D
3 (
cholecalciferol) is the preferred form since it is more readily absorbed than vitamin D
2. Most
dermatologists recommend vitamin D supplementation as an alternative to unprotected ultraviolet exposure due to the increased risk of skin cancer associated with sun exposure. Endogenous production with full body exposure to sunlight is approximately 250 µg (10,000 IU) per day.
[9]According to the
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), infants who are breast-fed may not get 2 months until they start drinking at least 17 US fluid ounces (500 ml) of vitamin D-fortified milk or formula a day.
[10][edit] EpidemiologyIn developed countries, rickets is a
rare disease[11] (incidence of less than 1 in 200,000).
Those at higher risk for developing rickets include:
- Breast-fed infants whose mothers are not exposed to sunlight
- Breast-fed infants who are not exposed to sunlight
- Babies with dark complexions (e.g. brown skin, African), particularly when breastfed and exposed to little sunlight
- Individuals not consuming milk, such as those who are lactose intolerant
Individuals with
red hair have been speculated to have a decreased risk for rickets due to their greater production of vitamin D in sunlight.
Children ages 6 months to 24 months are at highest risk, because their bones are rapidly growing. Long-term consequences include permanent bends or disfiguration of the long bones, and a curved back.
[edit] See also[edit] References
- ^ Magnesium and vitamin D's co-factors, by John Jacob Cannell, M.D. citing The Lancet; The Vitamin D Council "Two interesting cases of Mg dependent Vitamin D-resistant rickets appeared in the Lancet in 1974. Two children, one age two and the other age five, presented with classic rickets. 600,000 IU of Vitamin D daily for ten days did not result in any improvement in six weeks—in either x-rays or alkaline phosphatase—and the doctors diagnosed Vitamin D-resistant rickets. Almost by accident, serum Mg levels were then obtained, which were low in both children. After the treatment with Mg, the rickets rapidly resolved."
- ^ TheFreeDictionary > rickets In turn citing:
- The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007 (mentioning vitamin D and phosphates)
- Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. Copyright 2008 (mentioning vitamin D and calcium)
^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Osteomalacia
^ http://bone-muscle.health-cares.net/rickets-causes.php
^ Daily Telegraph, page 4, Wednesday 19 January 2011
^ Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun The Independent, published 2011-07-25, accessed 2011-07-251
^ Doctors fear rickets resurgence BBC, published 2007-12-28, accessed 2011-07-25
^ Rajakumar, Kumaravel (1). "Vitamin D, Cod-Liver Oil, Sunlight, and Rickets: A Historical Perspective". Pediatrics 112 (2): e132-e135. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/2/e132.full. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
^ Vieth R (May 1999). "Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (5): 842–56. PMID 10232622. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/842.
^ Gartner LM, Greer FR (April 2003). "Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake". Pediatrics 111 (4 Pt 1): 908–10. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.908. PMID 12671133. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;111/4/908.
^ National Health Service of England > Rickets Last reviewed: 28 January 2010
- Rickets vs. abuse: a national and international epidemic Kathy A. Keller & Patrick D. Barnes Received: 4 November 2007 / Revised: 28 July 2008 / Accepted: 18 August 2008 - Springer-Verlag 2008
<TABLE style="WIDTH: 100%; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; COLOR: inherit" id=collapsibleTable0 class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" cellSpacing=0>
<TR> [hide]v · d · eNutrition disorders (E40–E68, 260–269)</TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td class=navbox-group>Hypoalimentation/ malnutrition</TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<TABLE style="WIDTH: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellSpacing=0>
<TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Protein-energy malnutrition </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">Kwashiorkor · Marasmus · Catabolysis </TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Avitaminosis </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<TABLE style="WIDTH: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellSpacing=0>
<TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>B vitamins </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy (Thiamine deficiency) · B2: Ariboflavinosis · B3: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency) · B6: Pyridoxine deficiency · B7: Biotin deficiency · B9: Folate deficiency · B12: Vitamn B12 deficiency </TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Other vitamins </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even">A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots · C: Scurvy · D: Hypovitaminosis D/Rickets/Osteomalacia · E: Vitamin E deficiency · K: Vitamin K deficiency </TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Mineral deficiency </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">Sodium · Potassium · Magnesium · Calcium · Iron · Zinc · Manganese · Copper · Iodine · Chromium · Molybdenum · Selenium (Keshan disease) </TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td class=navbox-group>Hyperalimentation</TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<TABLE style="WIDTH: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellSpacing=0>
<TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Overweight · Obesity </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">Childhood obesity · Obesity hypoventilation syndrome · Abdominal obesity </TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Vitamin poisoning </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-even">Hypervitaminosis A · Hypervitaminosis D · Hypervitaminosis E </TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-LEFT: 0em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0em" class=navbox-group>Mineral overload </TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; BORDER-LEFT: 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">see inborn errors of metal metabolism, toxicity </TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 2px"> <td></TD></TR> <TR> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class=navbox-abovebelow colSpan=2><TABLE style="WIDTH: 100%" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" cellSpacing=0>
<TR> <td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; COLOR: inherit; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colSpan=2> <TABLE style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: 100%" class=navbox-columns-table cellSpacing=0>
<TR style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top"> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: #ccf; PADDING-TOP: 0px"> M: NUT
</TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: #fdfdfd 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: white; PADDING-TOP: 0px"> cof, enz, met
</TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: #fdfdfd 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: silver; PADDING-TOP: 0px"> noco, nuvi, sysi/epon, met
</TD> <td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: #fdfdfd 2px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 10em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: #ccf; PADDING-TOP: 0px"> drug(A8/11/12)
</TD></TR></TABLE> </TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR></TABLE> |
Retrieved from "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickets"
View page ratings
Rate this page
Rate this page
Page ratings
[url=https://kalema.ahlamontada.com//wiki/Wikipedia:Article Feedback Tool]
What's this?[/url]
Current average ratings.
Trustworthy
Objective
Moderate bias
Complete
Well-written
I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) I have a relevant college/university degree
It is part of my profession
It is a deep personal passion
The source of my knowledge is not listed here
I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional) We will send you a confirmation e-mail. We will not share your address with anyone. (
Privacy policy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickets